A obtenção de conhecimento sobre ergonomia e percepção do risco ergonômico na perspectiva do enfermeiro / Conocimiento sobre ergonomía y percepción del riesgo ergonómico desde la perspectiva de la enfermera / Obtaining knowledge about ergonomics and perceiving ergonomic risk from the nurse's perspective

Introdução: Os riscos ergonômicos presentes nos ambientes de trabalho produzem importantes contribuições negativas à saúde dos profissionais de enfermagem e por isso merecem atenção adequada. Objetivo: Identificar estratégias de obtenção de conhecimento sobre ergonomia e a percepção do risco ergonômico na perspectiva de enfermeiros da rede pública de saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e qualitativo etnográfico realizado com seis enfermeiros atuantes na rede pública de saúde de Mato Verde, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados no mês de agosto de 2019 por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada aplicada individualmente ao profissional em seus locais de trabalho em dia e horário agendado previamente e gravadas em áudio por um aplicativo de voz e analisadas mediante a Análise do Conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Os enfermeiros têm conhecimento adequado sobre o conceito e a aplicação da ergonomia, obtido durante a formação e em capacitações pontuais no trabalho. As condições que na percepção dos enfermeiros configuram riscos ergonômicos estão relacionadas às posturas inadequadas e ao esforço físico empregado na realização de tarefas, às jornadas de trabalho e ao mobiliário. Conclusão: Vale destacar a importância de investir na implementação de estratégias de obtenção e aprimoramento do conhecimento para que sejam constantes nos ambientes de trabalho. Assim, os gestores devem ser parceiros para promover uma cultura de prevenção do risco ergonômico no trabalho(AU)

Introducción: Los riesgos ergonómicos presentes en los entornos de trabajo producen importantes contribuciones negativas para la salud de los profesionales de enfermería y, por lo tanto, merecen una atención adecuada. Objetivo: Identificar estrategias para obtener conocimiento sobre ergonomía y percepción del riesgo ergonómico desde la perspectiva de las enfermeras en la red de salud pública. Métodos: Estudio etnográfico descriptivo y cualitativo realizado con seis enfermeras que trabajan en la red de salud pública de Mato Verde, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los datos se recopilaron en agosto de 2019 a través de una entrevista semiestructurada, aplicada individualmente al profesional en sus lugares de trabajo en un día y hora previamente programados, grabados en audio por una aplicación de voz y analizados mediante el Análisis de contenido de Bardin. Resultados: Las enfermeras tenían un conocimiento adecuado sobre el concepto y la aplicación de la ergonomía, obtenida durante la capacitación y la capacitación en el trabajo. Las condiciones que las enfermeras perciben como riesgos ergonómicos están relacionadas con posturas inadecuadas y el esfuerzo físico utilizado para realizar tareas, horas de trabajo y muebles. Conclusión: Vale la pena destacar la importancia de invertir en la implementación de estrategias para obtener y mejorar el conocimiento para que sean constantes en el entorno laboral. Por lo tanto, los gerentes deben ser socios para promover una cultura de prevención del riesgo ergonómico en el trabajo(AU)

Introduction: The ergonomic risks present in the work environment produce important negative contributions to the health of nursing professionals and, therefore, deserve adequate attention. Objective: Identify strategies for obtaining knowledge about ergonomics and the perception of ergonomic risk from the perspective of nurses in the public health network. Methods: This is a descriptive and qualitative ethnographic study carried out with six nurses working in the public health network of Mato Verde, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data were collected in August 2019 through a semi-structured interview applied individually to the professional in their workplaces on a previously scheduled day and time and recorded in audio by a voice application and analyzed using Bardin Content Analysis. Results: Nurses have adequate knowledge about the concept and application of ergonomics, obtained during training and on-the-job training. The conditions that nurses perceive as ergonomic risks are related to inadequate postures and the physical effort used to perform tasks, working hours and furniture. Conclusion: It is worth highlighting the importance of investing in the implementation of strategies for obtaining and improving knowledge so that they are constant in the work environment. Thus, managers must be partners to promote a culture of prevention of ergonomic risk at work(AU)

Contribuições da ergonomia à avaliação coletiva do trabalho: entrevista com Leda Leal Ferreira / Contributions of ergonomics to the collective work analysis: an interview with Leda Leal Ferreira

Esta entrevista é motivada pelo interesse em debater o impacto e os desdobramentos das contribuições da ergonomia de Alain Wisner para a análise do trabalho. A entrevistada, Leda Leal Ferreira, médica do trabalho e ergonomista aposentada pela Fundacentro, faz parte de um grupo de pesquisadores brasileiros que empreenderam formação em ergonomia com Wisner na França e, em seguida, contribuíram para o desenvolvimento dessa disciplina no Brasil. A entrevistada fala sobre sua formação na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP) e no Conservatório Nacional das Artes e Ofícios (CNAM, na sigla em francês), e trata da relevância do médico francês para o desenvolvimento da ergonomia brasileira. Explica, resumidamente, as semelhanças e distinções entre a Análise Coletiva do Trabalho, método por ela desenvolvido, e a Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho, desenvolvido por Wisner. Observando o contexto político em que se deu a entrevista, fala dos desafios enfrentados pelas abordagens que visam à melhoria das condições de trabalho diante de um quadro de crescente fragilização das relações laborais e das reformulações das políticas de segurança e saúde no trabalho.

This interview is motivated by an interest in debating the impact and consequences of the contributions of Alain Wisner's ergonomics to the analysis of work. The interviewee, Leda Leal Ferreira, occupational physician and ergonomist retired by Fundacentro, is part of a group of Brazilian researchers who undertook training in ergonomics with Wisner in France and after that contributed to the development of this discipline in Brazil. The interviewee talks about her training at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMUSP) and at the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM, in the acronym in French), and discusses the relevance of the French doctor for the development of Brazilian ergonomics. She briefly explains the similarities and distinctions between the Collective Work Analysis, a method developed by her, and the Ergonomic Work Analysis, developed by Wisner. Observing the political context in which the interview took place, the interviewee speaks about the challenges faced by approaches that aim to improve working conditions in the face of a growing fragility of work relations and the reformulation of occupational health and safety policies.

Evolución del sillón dental con la incorporación de elementos ergonómicos / Dentals Chair's evolution with the incorporation of ergonomics elements

Introducción: El desarrollo de la ciencia ha posibilitado la producción de equipamientos que benefician la salud de los seres humanos. A través del tiempo, la fabricación de los sillones dentales ha seguido protocolos a fin de garantizar la comodidad del paciente y del profesional. Objetivo: Describir la evolución del sillón dental y la aplicación de normas internacionales para su diseño y fabricación. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, de serie histórica. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la documentación histórica existente e imágenes fotográficas en la literatura científica. Se consultaron artículos en sitios web, BBO, Lilacs y Medline; todos relacionados con el tema de investigación. Resultados: Los sillones dentales mostraron una tendencia evolutiva significativa en los últimos años: en el inicio de la práctica odontológica, permitían el trabajo con el paciente sentado, luego aparecieron con diferentes posiciones en el espaldar y con el pasar del tiempo hubo un aumento de los dispositivos y control de los movimientos de cabezal, brazos, asiento y espaldar, lo cual posibilitó la realización de actividades con el paciente acostado. En el proceso de la evolución de los sillones, en relación con su diseño y construcción se siguen normas internacionales que garantizan la calidad y confort de estos, lo que ha sido satisfactorio en la disminución de afectaciones musculoesqueléticas de los profesionales dentistas. Conclusiones: A pesar de la existencia de las nuevas tecnologías establecidas, es preciso continuar incorporando elementos ergonómicos que produzcan el máximo de confort al profesional/paciente a fin de optimizar el trabajo odontológico(AU)

Introduction: The development of science has enabled the production of equipment that benefits the health of human beings. Over the course of time, the manufacturing of dental chairs has followed protocols in order to ensure the comfort of the patient and the professional. Objective: To describe the evolution of the dental chair and the application of international standards for its design and manufacture. Method: This is a descriptive study, of historical series. The data was obtained from the existing historical documentation and photographic images in the scientific literature, articles were consulted on websites, BBO, Lilacs and Medline, all related to the research topic. Results: Dental chairs showed a significant evolutionary tendency in the last years: at the beginning of the dental practice, they allowed the work with the patient sitting, then they appeared with different positions in the back and with the passage of time there was an increase of the devices and control of movements of head, arms, seat and back, making possible activities with the patient lying down. In the process of the evolution of the chairs, in relation to their design and construction, international standards are followed to guarantee the quality and comfort of these, which has been satisfactory in the reduction of musculoskeletal affectations of the dentist professionals. Conclusions: Despite of the existence of the new established technologies, it is necessary to continue incorporating ergonomic elements that produce maximum comfort to the professional and the patient in order to optimize the dental work(AU)

Revisión bibliométrica sobre la enseñanza-aprendizaje de Ergonomía en las modalidades virtual y distancia / Bibliometric review on the teaching-learning of ergonomics in virtual and distance modalities

Introducción: El uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC´s) ha tomado relevancia en los procesos de aprendizaje. Objetivo: Cuantificar y caracterizar literatura científica publicada en revistas indexadas concerniente a prácticas pedagógicas aplicadas en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Ergonomía empleadas en la modalidad distancia y virtual. Métodos: Se diseñaron ecuaciones de búsqueda que se aplicaron en 9 bases de datos. Los artículos seleccionados se categorizaron por fuente, base de datos, año, área temática, idioma, factor de impacto, temática desarrollada, clasificación de la publicación, secuencia temporal, alcance de la investigación, país donde se realizó la investigación, país que realizó la investigación, organización que realizó la investigación, organización que aportó recursos y disciplina del autor. Estos fueron cuantificados y analizados. Resultados: El 39 por ciento de los artículos se encontraron en Science Direct, la mayoría en inglés, 47 por ciento se publicaron en revistas del área de ciencias sociales y educación. La mitad de los artículos no reportaron factor de impacto en "Scimago" y casi el 80 por ciento de los escritos tenían un alcance descriptivo. El 7,8 por ciento de los documentos manejaron el tema de interés. Conclusiones: Se destaca el uso de estrategias didácticas que permiten la discusión, reflexión y solución de situaciones cotidianas, intentando llevar al estudiante a un contexto real como son el estudio de casos y el aprendizaje basado en problemas. Se encontraron artículos que trataban aspectos de Ergonomía y formación en el trabajo planteando la necesidad que el personal responsable posea nociones en competencias pedagógicas. Son necesarios más estudios con un alcance analítico(AU)

Introduction: The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has gained relevance in the learning processes. Objective: To quantify and characterize scientific literature published in indexed journals about pedagogical practices applied in the teaching-learning process of Ergonomics used in the distance and virtual modalities. Methods: Search equations were designed and applied in 9 databases. The selected articles were categorized by source, database, year, thematic area, language, impact factor, developed theme, publication classification, time sequence, research scope, country where the research was carried out, country that carried out the research, organization that carried out the research, organization that provided resources, and discipline of the author. These were quantified and analyzed. Results: 39 percent of the articles were found in Science Direct, the majority in English, 47 percent were published in journals in the field of social sciences and education. Half of the articles did not report an impact factor in Scimago and almost 80 percent of the papers had a descriptive scope. 7.8 percent of the documents treated the topic of interest. Conclusions: The use is emphasized of didactic strategies that allow the discussion, reflection and solution of everyday situations, trying to take the student to a real context such as case studies and problem-based learning. Articles that dealt with aspects of Ergonomics and on-the-job training were found, stating the need for responsible personnel to have notions in pedagogical competences. More studies are needed with an analytical scope(AU)

Evaluación ergonómica del puesto de trabajo ayudante de mesa de baja presión en una empresa cervecera / Workstation ergonomic evaluation of alow pressure table assistant position in a brewery

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con enfoque ergonómico, para determinar riesgos de lesiones músculo-esqueléticas, en el puesto de trabajo "Ayudante de mesa de baja presión", en una empresa cervecera en la ciudad de Cagua, Venezuela. Diez hombres conformaron la muestra en la fase I, y dos en la fase II: bachilleres, sedentarios, 30,1 años de edad promedio, laborando en turnos rotativos de lunes a viernes, en las tareas: encajonar, quitar chapas, posicionar, arrumar, traslado y paletizar. Mediante entrevista personal y colectiva (utilizando la guía DEPARIS) se conocieron sus características socio-demográficas y opiniones respecto a problemas de salud, vinculados al puesto de trabajo. Los riesgos de lesiones músculo-esqueléticas fueron identificados con el método MODSI y Ecuación de NIOSH. Dicha evaluación indicó que en las tareas "encajonar, "quitar chapas", el riesgo es de nivel "medio", y en "posicionar", "arrumar", "traslado", y "paletizar", el riesgo es alto. En situaciones de "posicionar" y "traslado", fue considerado "muy alto", debido a factores como: bipedestación prolongada, movimientos de torsión de tronco, extensión de hombros, codos y brazos, lateralización de muñecas, flexión de espalda y cuello, y relativa fuerza. La organización del trabajo amerita cambios: aplicar un plan para disminuir las botellas rechazadas, diseñar herramientas de mano para destapar las botellas, instalar una silla para la alternabilidad de posturas, junto a un plan preventivo de trastornos músculo-esqueléticos, pausas activas y accidentes de trabajo, dotar de equipos de protección personal, ampliar los espacios de trabajo e incorporar ayuda mecánica adecuada a las características de las tareas y la necesidad de los trabajadores(AU)

We carried out a two-phase descriptive ergonomic evaluation of the low pressure table assistant job position in a brewery in Cagua, Venezuela to determine the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. There were 10 single men in phase I and two men in phase II, with an average age of30.1 years, working in rotating shifts from Monday through Friday. Tasks consisted of boxing, removing plates, positioning, cleaning up, transfers and palletizing. We used individual and group interviews (DEPARIS guide) to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics and opinions regarding job-related health issues. Risk of musculoskeletal injury was measured using the MODSI method and NIOSH Equation. This evaluation identified a medium risk for boxing and removing plates; it was high for positioning, arranging, moving, and palletizing. For tasks involving positioning and transfers, the risk was very high due to prolonged standing, trunk twisting, extension of the shoulder, elbow and forearm, lateralization of the wrists, back and neck flexion, and relative force. We also recommended some changes in how the work was organized. Among these implementing a plan to reduce rejected bottles, designing hand tools to open bottles, installing a multi-position chair to allow changes in posture, developing a preventive plan for musculoskeletal disorders, work breaks and accident prevention, providing personal protective equipment, expanding work spaces and incorporating mechanical assist devices appropriate to the characteristics of the tasks and worker needs(AU)

Programa de ergonomía participativa para la prevención de trastornos musculoesqueléticos: aplicación en una empresa del Sector Industrial / Participative ergonomic program for prevention of musculoskeletal disorders application in a company of industrial sector

Se propone como estrategia para el control de los Trastornos Musculoequeléticos (TME) un Programa de Ergonomía Participativa (PEP). La aplicación de este programa se divide en 5 etapas: Análisis de empresa, evaluación de riesgos ergonómicos, construcción del plan de acción, ejecución del plan de acción y verificación de medidas de control. La base que sustenta al PEP es la conformación de un Grupo de Ergonomía en la empresa (Grupo Ergo), quien estará a cargo de la identificación, evaluación e implementación de medidas de control con la asesoría de un profesional de Ergonomía. Las metodologías de evaluación de riesgos a utilizar por el Grupo Ergo serán las indicadas en la Normativa Chilena (Ley 20.001 DS N°63/2005 y Decreto N°4 que modifica el DS N°594) que exigen la aplicación de las herramientas: Manual Asessments Charts (MAC) para identificar y evaluar tareas de Manejo Manual de Carga en Levantamiento-descenso, transporte, levantamiento, descenso en equipo y las tablas de Liberty Mutual para tareas de empuje y arrastre de carga; y, por otra parte, la Norma Técnica de Trastornos Musculoequeléticos de Extremidad Superior (MINSAL, 2011) establece la aplicación de una Lista de chequeo contenida en la Norma ISO 11228-3 para la identificación y evaluación de tareas que involucren movimientos repetitivos, postura, fuerza, tiempos de recuperación y factores adicionales, respectivamente. Se presenta la aplicación del PEP en una empresa del rubro industrial chileno, planteándose como objetivo cumplir con las etapas del programa en un periodo de 4 meses. Se establece como objetivo del PEP lograr implementar un 70% de las medidas consideradas denivel "simples". Los resultados reflejaron el cumplimiento de las etapas, logrando implementar un 79% de las medidas simples y un 27% de las medidas complejas. Pese a que es una experiencia primaria en Chile, se pudieron observar beneficios indirectos en la ejecución del PEP, tales como generar una cultura en la empresa respecto a temas de Ergonomía, lograr el compromiso de los ejecutivos en la implementación de las medidas de control y el cumplimiento de legislación chilena respecto a Ergonomía.

It is proposed as a strategy to control Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) Participatory Ergonomics Program (PEP). The implementation of this program is divided into 5 stages: Company Analysis, ergonomic risk assessment, construction of the action plan, implementation of the action plan and verification of control measures. The base that sustains the PEP is the creation of a Group of Ergonomics in the company (Ergo Group), who will be responsible for the identification, evaluation and implementation of control measures with the assistance of a professional ergonomics. The risk assessment methodologies to be used by Ergo Group shall be indicated in Chilean law (Law 20,001 DS No. 63/2005 and Decree No. 4 amending DS No. 594) that requires the application of tools: Manual assessments charts (MAC) to identify and evaluate tasks Burden Handling Manual lifting-lowering, transport, lifting, lowering team and Liberty Mutual tables to pushing and load dragging tasks, and, moreover, the Technical Regulations Musculoskeletal disorders Upper Extremity (MINSAL, 2011) establishes the application of a checklist contained in ISO 11228-3 for the identification and evaluation of tasks that include repetitive movements, posture, strength, recovery times and additional factors, respectively. The implementation of PEP is presented in a company of the Chilean industrial sector, setting out as objective to comply with the program steps over a period of 4 months. It sets the objective of achieving PEP implement 70% of the measures consider of "simple" level. The results showed compliance with stages, achieving 79% implement simple measures and 27% of complex measures. Although it is a primary experience in Chile, indirect benefits could be observed in the implementation of PEP, such as a culture in the company on issues of ergonomics, to achieve the commitment of the executive in the implementation of control measures and compliance with Chilean legislation on Ergonomics.

Randomized Comparison of Actual and Ideal Body Weight for Size Selection of the Laryngeal Mask Airway Classic in Overweight Patients

Size selection of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) Classic based on actual body weight remains a common practice. However, ideal body weight might allow for a better size selection in obese patients. The purpose of our study was to compare the utility of ideal body weight and actual body weight when choosing the appropriate size of the LMA Classic by a randomized clinical trial. One hundred patients with age 20 to 70 yr, body mass index > or =25 kg/m2, and the difference between LMA sizes based on actual weight and ideal weight were allocated to insert the LMA Classic using either actual body weight or ideal body weight in a weight-based formula for size selection. After insertion of the device, several variables including insertion parameters, sealing function, fiberoptic imaging, and complications were investigated. The insertion success rate at the first attempt was lower in the actual weight group (82%) than in the ideal weight group (96%), even it did not show significant difference. The ideal weight group had significantly shorter insertion time and easier placement. However, fiberoptic views were significantly better in the actual weight group. Intraoperative complications, sore throat in the recovery room, and dysphonia at postoperative 24 hr occurred significantly less often in the ideal weight group than in the actual weight group. It is suggested that the ideal body weight may be beneficial to the size selection of the LMA Classic in overweight patients (Clinical Trial Registry, NCT 01843270).

La gestión por procesos como estrategia de organización para disminuir el riesgo ergonimico en estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

Se realizó un estudio exploratorio transversal, durante las actividades prácticas odontológicas de 40 alumnos de cuarto y quinto año de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (FOUNC). Objetivo general: proponer desde la gestión por procesos una estrategia de intervención para disminuir el riesgo de trastornos musculo esqueléticos por malas posturas; objetivos específicos: diagnosticar el nivel de riesgo de trastornos osteomusculares; describir las principales causas para adopción de posturas incorrectas y proponer un diagrama de actividades como estrategia de mejora basada en gestión por procesos, en un procedimiento.

Summary: A descriptive, exploratory and transversal study was conducted during dental practice activities of 40 students in fourth and fifth year in the Faculty of Dentistry at the National University of Córdoba (FOUN). General Ojective: to propose process management from an intervention strategy to reduce the risk of musculo skeletal disorders by poor posture, specific objectives: to diagnose the level of risk of musculoskeletal disorders, describe the main causes for adopting bab posture and propose diagram activities as a strategy for improvement based on process management in a procedure.

[Musculoskeletal injuries and their associated risk factors in office workplaces]

Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders [MSDs] is high among office workers. Long time seated posture, working with computer, repetitive movements and inappropriate environmental conditions may have causal effects in these disorders. High prevalence rate of MSDs makes ergonomics assessment and working conditions improvement necessary. Designing an assessment checklist and calculating ergonomics indices can be useful in this evaluation. This study was conducted with the objectives of determination of prevalence rate, ergonomics assessment of working condition and determination of factors associated with MSDs among office workers. In this study conducted 400 randomly selected office workers participated. Nordic musculoskeletal disorders questionnaire was applied to determine prevalence rate of MSDs. Working conditions were assessed by the designed ergonomics checklist and ergonomic risk factors were identified. Data were analyzed using statistical tests including t-test, Chi-square and test of proportion by SPSS software [Version 12.0]. The highest prevalence rates of MSDs were reported in lower back and neck regions [49% and 47%, respectively]. Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant association between occurrence of MSDs and calculated ergonomics indices [p<0.05]. The mean of ergonomics index among those suffered from MSDs were less than other healthy workers indicating inappropriate ergonomics conditions. Calculation of OR also revealed that ergonomics conditions was associated with MSDs occurrence among workers [p<0.05]. Totally, 53.3% of the office workers studied had poor working conditions. Awkward working posture and inappropriate workstation design were recognized as the main risk factors in the office workplace. Most ergonomics problems were originated from bad postures and inappropriate design of workstation. Any interventional program for working conditions improvement should, therefore, be focused on these items. Inappropriate table height, improper position of monitor and other office equipment, lack of adjustability of seat and back rest of chair and deep seat were among factors to be considered for working condition improvement

Exercícios físicos e seus efeitos nas queixas osteomusculares e na satisfação do trabalho / Physical exercise and its effects on musculoskeletal complaints and job satisfaction / Ejercicios físicos y sus efectos en las quejas osteomusculares y en la satisfacción del trabajo

Esta pesquisa insere-se na área de ergonomia e tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito de um programa de exercícios físicos e de orientações posturais e ergonômicas nas queixas osteomusculares e na satisfação do trabalho de escriturários e verificar a existência de associações entre essas duas variáveis. O estudo foi realizado no período entre novembro e dezembro de 2008. Um programa de exercícios de alongamento e de orientações quanto à postura física e mobiliário utilizado no posto de trabalho foi aplicado durante cinco semanas em 11 escriturários. Três instrumentos foram aplicados: censo de ergonomia, índice de disfunção relacionada ao pescoço e escala de satisfação no trabalho. Houve redução do número de queixas osteomusculares, porém sem diferença em relação à satisfação no trabalho. Essa análise evidenciou que o número de queixas de desconforto/dor relatado pelos escriturários foi menor após o programa. Não se observou associação entre o número de queixas e satisfação no trabalho.

This ergonomics study aims to assess the effects of a physical exercise program and postural and ergonomics guidance on musculoskeletal complaints and job satisfaction in clerical assistants, and to check for associations between these two variables. The study was conducted between November and December 2008. A program of stretching exercises and guidance on posture and workplace furniture was conducted with eleven clerical assistants for five weeks. Three instruments were applied: an ergonomics survey, a neck-related dysfunction index, and a job satisfaction scale. The number of musculoskeletal complaints decreased, but no difference was found in job satisfaction. The analysis revealed that the workers reported fewer complaints of discomfort/pain after the program, but no correlation was found between the number of complaints and job satisfaction.

Esta investigación se encuentra dentro del área de ergonomía y tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de un programa de ejercicios físicos y de orientaciones referentes a la postura y a la ergonomía, sobre las quejas osteomusculares y la satisfacción en el trabajo en un hospital público y verificar la existencia de asociaciones entre esas dos variables. El estudio fue realizado en el periodo de noviembre a diciembre de 2008. Un programa de ejercicios de estiramiento y de orientaciones cuanto a la postura física y mobiliario utilizado en el local de trabajo aplicado durante cinco semanas en 11 escriturarios. Tres instrumentos fueron aplicados: un cuestionario de ergonomía, índice de alteración relacionado con el cuello y una escala de satisfacción laboral. Hubo una reducción en el número de quejas osteomusculares, pero no fue encontrada ninguna diferencia en relación con la satisfacción laboral. Ese análisis reveló que el número de quejas de malestar y/o dolor informado por los empleados fue menor después del programa. No se observó relación entre el número de quejas y la satisfacción con el trabajo.

Coletar sangue: um trabalho intenso e fundamental para garantir a vida / Collect blood: an intense and essential to ensure life

O presente estudo busca uma análise das situações de trabalho da Sala de Coleta de Doadores e sua relação com a saúde dos trabalhadores, em uma instituição pública de saúde. Demonstra que a Hemoterapia ao longo dos anos necessitou de desenvolvimento tecnológico e científico. No Brasil, a AIDS foi o acontecimento que apontou a fragilidade da Saúde Pública, favorecendo a elaboração de políticas públicas. Para compreender a saúde, necessariamente devemos compreender o trabalho, pois ambos são indissociáveis. As prescrições não são suficientes para contemplarem o conjunto de requisitos que a atividade de trabalho possui. Assim, o trabalhador cria e recria estratégias para dar conta das requisições da organização do trabalho. O método utilizado foi baseado na Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET) e englobou as seguintes técnicas: observação participante, diário de campo e aplicação de questionário(INSATS-Br). Este estudo mostrou que, embora exista uma forte campanha para se doar sangue, os trabalhadores da saúde que desenvolvem a atividade de coleta de sangue não são valorizados e não se sentem reconhecidos no trabalho. O quantitativo de doadores, as intercorrências e a composição da equipe de trabalho foram os principais problemas destacados pelos trabalhadores. As queixas de dores apontadas no INSATS-Br possuem relação com a coleta de sangue, com a forma de organização do trabalho e com o quantitativo de doadores atendidos. Os resultados contribuíram para a transformação da atividade de trabalho, por meio da elaboração de um protótipo da mesa de coleta de sangue que foi validado pelos trabalhadores. Os saberes do coletivo foram considerados e representaram as soluções para as possíveis transformações no campo pesquisado.

Cost-benefit analysis of ergonomic program for management of low back problems among office workers

Low back problems are emerging as important work-related health disorders especially among computer office workers with substantial cost. The most prominent feature, of these conditions, is low back pain [LBP].The present study was designed to investigate low back problems among office workers in relation to ergonomic factors at work and to analyze cost-benefit of a suggested ergonomic program for management of this problem. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the office work department in a petroleum company in the Western desert. The study included 120 office workers. All participants were subjected to a predesigned questionnaire emphasizing occupational history, clinical examination, anthropometric measurements, and ergonomic checklist for subjective assessment. The LBP was defined whether non-specific, radiating, persistent specific, or chronic. A parallel objective assessment of the computer desk workstations [n = 62], which were shared by workers, was carried out by experienced ergonomists with the same previous checklist. Medical records were reviewed for assessment of the cost of low back problems in the years [2007-2009]. The cost of a suggested ergonomic program was calculated for 3 years according to the market price in order to calculate cost-benefit ratio of such a program in prevention of LBP. Results showed that 61% of the examined workers gave history of LBP within the previous 3 years and clinical signs were detected in 32% of the workers. There were no significant differences between subjective and objective assessments of the different items scores of the ergonomic checklist. The lowest mean scores were reported for the chair and the work habits and training; both were negatively correlated with LBP intensity and duration. The suggested ergonomic program entails correction of the defective items to meet the standard ergonomic healthy criteria, provision of 6 periodic ergonomic training programs and enforcement of healthy work and life style habits. The final cost-benefit ratio of the ergonomic program for management of LBP among office workers of the present study was 1: 3.67 which is considered cost beneficial. Properly designed ergonomic programs are cost beneficial in management of LBP among office workers

Cuando el trabajo en oficinas se percibe pesado: Casos en una universidad venezolana / Work demands in a Venezuelan university office setting

Se llevó a cabo una evaluación de las condiciones de trabajo aplicando el enfoque ergonómico en puestos de trabajo, del personal administrativo, en una universidad venezolana para identificar procesos peligrosos y proponer transformaciones. Métodos: Fue utilizada la triangulación de investigación (cualitativa-cuantitativa); Método Deparis y Observación de Puestos; Entrevista Individual-Colectiva; Grupos de Exposición Homogéneos-Heterogéneos. La población laboral es 120 (80 mujeres, 40 hombres), la muestra fue de ocho mujeres que desempeñaban trabajo de secretarias según criterios de inclusión. Resultados: Las trabajadoras manifiestan déficit visual, dolor en hombros, lumbalgias, ansiedad y fatiga. Los cambios en la organización generan inseguridad y miedo en las trabajadoras a perder su empleo. El ambiente de trabajo es inadecuado caracterizado por ausencia de políticas de protección en salud y seguridad laboral y falta de mantenimiento de equipos de trabajo. El ritmo de trabajo es variable (dos a siete ciclos de trabajo por día). Se observó vinculación con el trabajo en otras unidades operativas. Las condiciones de trabajo unido a las interrupciones y las posturas inadecuadas se perciben como una carga pesada para ellas. Conclusión: El trabajo es muy exigente por las malas condiciones del entorno físico, los problemas de la organización del trabajo, la inadecuación de equipos y herramientas para trabajar, situación que representa una pesada carga de trabajo para estas trabajadoras desde el punto de vista físico, psíquico y emotivo. Se requiere implantar políticas de protección integral de la salud de las trabajadoras desde una perspectiva de género

An ergonomic evaluation of working conditions was conducted in the offices of a Venezuelan university in order to identify dangerous processes and to propose changes. Methods: A triangulated qualitative-quantitative approach that combined the Deparis Method and Observation of Working Positions; individual and group interviews; and homogeneous and heterogeneous groups was used. The target workforce was 120 (80 women, 40 men). The study sample consisted of 8 women employed as secretaries, according to inclusion criteria. Results: Study participants reported visual fatigue, shoulder and low back discomfort, anxiety and fatigue. Organizational changes led to feelings of insecurity and fear of job loss. The work environment was inadequate, characterized by poor equipment maintenance and an absence of organizational policies and procedures. Work cycles varied from two to seven cycles per day, each cycle lasting on average 1 hour and 7 minutes. Poor work organization, awkward postures and frequent work interruptions were perceived as heavy work demands by the participants. Conclusions: From a physicial, emotional and psychological standpoint, poor working conditions and work organization led to high work demands in this population. Comprehenisve health protection policies, that take gender into account, are needed

Development of a questionnaire to evaluate the usability of assessment instruments / Desenvolvimento de um questionário que avalia a praticabilidade de instrumentos de medidas / Desarrollo de un cuestionario que evalúa la factibilidad de instrumentos de medida

The aim of the present study was to develop a questionnaire to evaluate the usability of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Job Factors Questionnaire. Content was validated using the recommended methodology: revision by an expert committee, and pretest. The usability instrument was applied to production and administrative workers in two metalworking industries. The expert committee’s suggestions were accepted, yielding a three-question questionnaire and a five-point Likert scale to evaluate the usability of assessment instruments. None of the 148 study participants encountered any difficulty during the pretest. The data collected showed that on average it took less than five minutes to answer the questionnaire, and the highest percentage score was for the option totally agree for all questions. The Instrument Usability Evaluation may be helpful to researchers concerned with data collection instrument quality.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver um questionário para avaliar a praticabilidade da versão brasileira do Job Factors Questionnaire. A validação de conteúdo foi realizada seguindo a metodologia recomendada: revisão por um comitê de especialistas e pré-teste. O instrumento de praticabilidade foi aplicado em trabalhadores de produção e administração de duas indústrias metalúrgicas. As sugestões dos membros do comitê foram aceitas, resultando em um questionário composto por de três questões e uma escala tipo Likert de cinco pontos que avalia a praticabilidade de instrumentos de medidas. Dentre os 148 sujeitos que participaram do estudo, nenhum deles apresentou qualquer dificuldade durante o pré-teste. Os dados coletados mostraram que o tempo gasto de resposta era inferior a cinco minutos, e a porcentagem mais elevada foi para a opção concordo totalmente para todas as questões. O questionário Avaliação da Praticabilidade de Instrumentos poderá ser útil para pesquisadores preocupados com a qualidade de instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo elaborar un cuestionario para evaluar la factibilidad de la versión brasileña del Job Factors Questionnaire. La validez del contenido fue realizada siguiendo la metodología recomendada: revisión por un comité de expertos, y prueba preliminar. El instrumento de factibilidad se aplicó a los trabajadores en la producción y la administración de dos industrias metalúrgica. Las sugerencias de los miembros del comité fueron aceptadas, lo que resulta en un cuestionario que consta de tres cuestiones y una escala Likert de cinco puntos que evalúa la factibilidad de los instrumentos de medida. Entre las 148 personas que participaron del estudio, ninguno presentó dificultades durante la prueba preliminar. Los datos recogidos han demostrado que el tiempo de respuesta fue de menos de cinco minutos, y el porcentaje fue mayor a la opción completamente de acuerdo a todas las cuestiones. El Cuestionario de Evaluación de Factibilidad puede ser útil a los investigadores preocupados por la calidad de instrumentos utilizados para recopilación de datos.

Avaliação da utilização do mobiliário em postos administrativos / Evaluation of the use of office workstation furniture

Este estudo foi realizado em uma empresa multinacional de mineração, no setor de novos projetos, com o intuito de avaliar se o trabalhador utiliza o mobiliário corretamente de acordo com as normas e conceitos de boa postura no trabalho. Participaram da pesquisa 100 funcionários do sexo masculino, com altura de 160 a 180 cm, que utilizavam postos de trabalhos considerados adequados segundo as normas técnicas e conceitos de ergonomia. Para a avaliação foi realizado um checklist, levando em conta as possibilidades de ajustes existentes neste posto de trabalho: altura de cadeira, angulação de encosto, altura do encosto, posição do computador na mesa (profundidade e altura), utilização do apoio de pé quando necessário. Após avaliação de cada unidade (interação entre posto de trabalho/funcionário), estas foram classificadas como excelente, ótimo, bom, regular, ruim e péssimo. Teve-se como resultado a classificação de 12 por cento como péssimo, 24 por cento como ruim, 34 por cento regular, 17 por cento bom, 10 por cento ótimo e 3 por cento excelente. Desta forma, verifica-se a necessidade de investir em educação e treinamento para que postos adequados segundo as normas técnicas e conceitos de ergonomia sejam usados de forma correta pelos seus usuários.

This study was carried out in a multinational mining company, at new projects department, aiming at analyzing if employee uses workstation furniture properly according to standard working posture model. One hundred (100) male employees, with 160 to 180 cm height, composed this sample. The workplace was in accordance to ergonomic standards and guidelines. A checklist was prepared in case of possible adjustments in furniture: chair height adjustment, seat back angle, seat back height, computer position on the desk (height and depth), and usage of feet support when necessary. After analysis of each tested unit (interaction between workstation/employee), they were classified under 6 (six) different categories: excellent, great, good, regular, poor and very poor. The results varied from 12 percent which was classified as very poor, 24 percent as poor, 34 percent as regular, 17 percent as good, 10 percent as great to 3 percent as excellent. Thereupon, vast investment should be made in education and training so that workstations according to ergonomic standards and guidelines can be correctly adjusted by users.

A estratégia de redução e a carga de trabalho dos coletores de lixo domiciliar de uma grande cidade: estudo de caso baseado na Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho / The reduction strategy and the workload of a big city garbage collectors: a case study based on Ergonomic Work Analysis

Este trabalho descreve a utilização do método de redução como estratégia de trabalho desenvolvida pelos coletores de lixo (garis) de uma grande cidade e seus reflexos na organização e na carga de trabalho. O método de redução consiste de atividade preparatória à coleta de lixo por meio da formação de estoques intermediários antes do carregamento nos caminhões. O trabalho dos garis foi estudado utilizando-se a metodologia da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET),complementada por avaliações de esforço físico. Quanto à organização do trabalho, verificou-se que, ao utilizarem esta estratégia, os garis trabalham em ritmo mais cadenciado, conseguem executar melhor as tarefas de separação do lixo, como os sacos plásticos contendo vidros, podem interagir entre eles e estabelecer relações amistosas com os cidadãos sobre melhores práticas de acondicionamento do lixo. Em relação à segurança e à saúde, ao utilizarem este método, os garis ficam menos sujeitos a riscos de cortes, atropelamentos, quedas e desavenças com motoristas no trânsito, além de realizarem o trabalho com menos esforço físico. Concluiu-se que a utilização da redução não apenas diminui o esforço físico e a exposição a riscos de acidentes, mas também melhora a qualidade da coleta de lixo domiciliar.

This article discusses the reduction process as a working strategy implemented by the garbage collectors of a big city and its influence on workload and work organization. The so called reduction process consists in preparing garbage bags to be collected piling up intermediate stocks before they are loaded on trucks. Garbage collectors activitiy was studied through Ergonomic Work Analysis (EWA), supplemented by physiological and biomechanical workload measuring.As far as work organization is concerned, it was observed that when garbage collectors adopt this strategy they improve their work rhythm; they have more possibilities to separate garbage, such as plastic bags containing glass pieces from the rest; they manage to interact more with co-workers and communicate better with local residents on better ways of garbage packing. As regard to health and safety, when garbage collectors follow this process they are less liable to getting cut, to being run over, to falling down or to having quarrels with drivers, and theirtasks are performed with less biomechanical load. The authors concluded that the reduction strategy not only decreases biomechanical load and exposure to risks, but also improves residential garbage collection.

A contaminação por agrotóxicos e os Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) / Contamination by pesticides and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Este trabalho analisou a eficiência e a adequação dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individuais (EPIs) utilizados na manipulação e na aplicação de agrotóxicos nas agriculturas brasileira e francesa. Essa análise foi feita a partir de dois casos: o primeiro, na cultura de tomate numa pequena comunidade rural do Brasil e o segundo, numa vinicultura na França. As evidências encontradas mostraram que os EPIs utilizados em ambos os casos, além de não protegerem integralmente o trabalhador contra o agrotóxico, ainda agravaram os riscos e perigos, pois se tornaram fontes de contaminação. Conclui-se que, nos casos analisados, os EPIs não eliminaram nem neutralizaram a insalubridade, conforme estatui a legislação, e ainda aumentaram a probabilidade de contaminação dos trabalhadores rurais em algumas atividades. Discutiu-se, ainda, a possibilidade dos EPIs apresentarem lacunas funcionais no projeto, na concepção, no uso, na manutenção, no armazenamento e no descarte, que devem ser melhor avaliadas através de futuros estudos de desenvolvimento tecnológico.

This study has analyzed the efficiency and adequacy of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) used when mixing and spraying pesticides in Brazilian and French farming. Analysis was based on two case studies: The first one, concerning a tomato crop located in a small rural community in the Southeast of Brazil; the second, a vineyard in France. The findings showed that PPE used in both cases has not protected properly against pesticide and has sometimes even turned into a source of contamination. The study concluded that PPE could not eliminate or neutralize unhealthy conditions related to pesticide use, as law demands. Moreover, in some cases, it might have caused rural workers contamination. It also shows that PPE might not have been correctly planned, conceived, used, maintained, stored and disposed. Theses problems should be analyzed in further technological development studies.

Ergonomía y la relación con los factores de riesgo en salud ocupacional / Ergonomics and the relation to risks factors in occupational health

La ergonomía es la ciencia que estudia cómo adecuar la relación del ser humano con su entorno, según la definición oficial que el Consejo de la Asociación Internacional de Ergonomía (IEA, por sus siglas en inglés) adoptó en agosto del 2000. Una de sus ramas, la ergonomía física, estudia las posturas más apropiadas. De acuerdo a diversos estudios realizados en Europa y Estados Unidos, se estima que entre 50 y 90 por ciento de los usuarios habituales de computadoras sufren fatiga ocular, ojos rojos y secos, tensión de párpados, lagrimeo, sensación de quemazón, visión borrosa y dificultad para enfocar objetos lejanos, a la vez que las posturas corporales inadecuadas que adoptan les generan tensión muscular que se traduce en dolor de cabeza, cuello y espalda. Adaptar el trabajo al hombre y cada hombre a su trabajo. La gran mayoría de los factores de riesgo son introducidos en las actividades laborales sin estudios previos de su efecto en la salud. En general, las normas de prevención se desarrollan una vez producido el daño y muchas de éstas aparecen mucho tiempo después de ser conocidos estos efectos. Nos proponemos analizar el accionar del profesional de enfermería en lo concerniente a la Ergonomía y la relación con los factores de riesgo de salud ocupacional, así como explicar los riesgos relacionados con la postura, precauciones visuales, cardiovasculares y ejercicios físicos regulares, para evitar la aparición de enfermedades profesionales. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica documental. En esta revisión se destaca la importancia de las precauciones a tener en cuenta en la postura, en el sistema visual, en el cardiovascular, así como las correcciones de estas manifestaciones para prevenir enfermedades profesionales. La ergonomía y los factores de riesgo de salud ocupacional deben ser contemplados de forma sistematizada en cada puesto laboral, mediante las revisiones periódicas de los profesionales de enfermería a los trabajadores que utilizan el uso sistemático de computadoras(AU)

Ergonomics is the science that studies how to adequate the relation of the human being to his environment, according to the official definition adopted by the Council of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA), in August 2000. One of its branches, physical ergonomics, is in charge to study the most suitable positions. According to different studies conducted in Europe and in the United States , it is estimated that between 50% and 90% of the computer users suffer from ocular fatigue, red and dry eyes, eyelid tension, weeping, burning sensation, blurred vision, and difficulty to focus remote objects. The inappropriate body postures also produce muscular tension, headache, neck and back pain. That's why it is very important to adapt work to man and each man to his work. Most of the risk factors are introduced in working activities without a previous study of its effect on health. Generally, prevention norms are established once damage has been done, and many of them appear long after these effects are known. We made a documentary bibliographic review, where the importance of the precautions to bear in mind in relation to posture, in the visual and cardiovascular systems, as well as in the correction of these manifestations to prevent professional diseases were stressed. Ergonomics and risk factors of occupational health should be periodically assessed at each working place. To this end, all those workers using the computer systematically should be checked up by professional nurses(AU)